The archive

German

Deutsch

Close relative, long homework

One of English's nearest living relatives, and still thirty-six weeks of work, because the vocabulary is free and the grammar is not.

FamilyProto-Indo-European › Germanic › West Germanic › German
ScriptLatin
Speakers135M 76M native · 59M second
Weeks to a working level36 Thirty-six weeks, the same as Indonesian, whose vocabulary an English speaker has to build from nothing. Counted from English. It is the Foreign Service Institute's figure for someone starting from English and from nothing.
The first hundred words cover52.9% and the first thousand 79.8%
What sets it apart
  • Three genders and four cases, and the gender is not predictable from the meaning. A girl, das Mädchen, is neuter.
  • All nouns are capitalised, which no other major language does, and which makes a page of German unmistakable at a glance.
  • Compounds can be built without limit, so a single word can carry what English needs a whole phrase for.
  • The verb goes to the end in subordinate clauses, so you have to hold the sentence in your head until the last word tells you what happened.
  • It shares an enormous amount of basic vocabulary with English: Haus, Buch, Wasser, Finger. The words are the easy part.
  • When it needs a word it does not have, it glues together the ones it does. A bicycle can be a Drahtesel, a wire donkey, and nobody finds this odd.
  • Its spelling is honest. Read a word you have never met and you will pronounce it correctly, which English cannot promise for a single sentence.
  • Halb vier is half past three, not half past four. German counts towards the coming hour, English counts away from the last one, and the two are exactly an hour apart.
  • The two dots are not decoration. Schon is already and schön is beautiful, and ß is a compressed double s, not a capital B.
  • It is one of the three working languages of the European Commission, with English and French, and it covers Austria and most of Switzerland as well as Germany.
  • German-owned firms are among the largest foreign employers in the United States. The figure quoted runs anywhere from about 500,000 jobs to about 900,000, depending on who counts and what counts as a German company.
  • What German finds unintelligible is Spanish: das kommt mir spanisch vor, that seems Spanish to me, said of anything that does not add up. The usual explanation is the Spanish court etiquette Charles V brought with him in the sixteenth century.
What it opens

The language that builds nouns like machines: Handschuh, the hand shoe, is a glove. A hundred million speakers, and the grammar is an engineering course that ends. Europe's largest economy, free universities that teach in it, and Rilke, Kafka and Nietzsche exactly as they wrote: precision as a lifestyle.

Words with no translation

Waldeinsamkeit

VALD-ayn-zam-kite

The particular calm of being alone in a forest

German builds a word by welding two together. Forest plus solitude, and the result is a feeling nobody else bothered to name.
Romantic poets used it so much it became a national mood.

Fernweh

FERN-vay

Homesickness for a place you have never been

The exact opposite of Heimweh, homesickness. Same suffix, opposite direction.
It says the ache of distance is the same ache as the ache of home.

Torschlusspanik

TOR-shloos-pah-nik

The panic that the gate is closing on your life

From medieval city gates shutting at dusk.
Now it means the fear of running out of time to do the things you were supposed to do.

Sehnsucht

ZAYN-zookht

Longing for something unnameable and possibly unreachable.

The German ache for something you cannot name: a place you have never been, a life running parallel to yours. C. S. Lewis built half his theology on it and still could not translate it.

Weltschmerz

VELT-shmerts

The sadness of knowing the world cannot be what it should be.

World-pain: the weariness that comes from comparing the world as it is with the world as it should be. Coined for Romantic poets, worn daily by anyone who reads the news.

Innerlichkeit

IN-er-likh-kite

A life lived facing inward.

The German cultivation of the inner life as a homeland: music, thought and feeling as a country no occupier can enter. Where a nation went when its outer history was unbearable.

Feierabend

FY-er-ah-bent

The end of the working day, treated as a place you arrive at

celebration evening

English has clocking off, which describes a machine. German has an evening that begins with a celebration in its name.
You can wish someone a good one, defend yours, and be told you are disturbing it.

Geborgenheit

ge-BOR-gen-hite

The safety of being held by a place or by people, with nothing left to guard against

German has one word for safety as a fact, Sicherheit, and this one for safety as a feeling.
It is the back seat of the car at night when you are small, the kitchen with the light left on.
Not the absence of danger. The absence of the need to watch for it.

Fingerspitzengefühl

FING-er-shpit-sen-ge-fool

The tact to handle a delicate situation exactly right, felt rather than reasoned

fingertip feeling

Borrowed by people who work in diplomacy and by almost nobody else, which is a waste.
The image is exact: the information arrives through the fingertips, before the head has a case ready.

All the untranslatable words →

Next to its neighbours

Where German parts company with the languages closest to it, and what each one would cost you from here.

German vs English → German vs Dutch → German vs Afrikaans →