The archive

Latvian

Latviešu valoda

One of the last two Baltics

Baltic had many languages and has two left. Latvian is the one that modernised faster.

FamilyProto-Indo-European › Balto-Slavic › Baltic › Latvian
ScriptLatin with diacritics
Speakers2M 2M native · 500k second
Weeks to a working level44 Counted from English. It is the Foreign Service Institute's figure for someone starting from English and from nothing.
The first hundred words cover44.1% and the first thousand 66.9%
What sets it apart
  • Only Latvian and Lithuanian survive from the Baltic branch. Old Prussian died out in the eighteenth century.
  • Stress falls on the first syllable, always, which is unusual for the neighbourhood.
  • Some dialects have pitch accents, so the melody of a vowel can change the word.
  • It has kept archaic Indo-European features, though fewer than Lithuanian, which is the more conservative sister.
  • Foreign names are respelled to fit Latvian spelling and given Latvian endings, so George Bush becomes Džordžs BuÅ¡s.
What it opens

One of the two survivors of the Baltic branch, closer to ancient Indo-European than almost anything still spoken. Pitch accent included, dainas folk songs included. Riga's Art Nouveau streets and song festivals where a quarter of the nation performs together: small language, choral superpower.

Next to its neighbours

Where Latvian parts company with the languages closest to it, and what each one would cost you from here.

Latvian vs Lithuanian → Latvian vs Russian → Latvian vs Polish →