The archive

Polish

Polski

Consonants in formation

Seven cases, nasal vowels and clusters that look impossible until you learn that most of them are single sounds.

FamilyProto-Indo-European › Balto-Slavic › Slavic › West Slavic › Polish
ScriptLatin with diacritics
Speakers40M 40M native · 0k second
Weeks to a working level44 Counted from English. It is the Foreign Service Institute's figure for someone starting from English and from nothing.
The first hundred words cover43.5% and the first thousand 68.4%
What sets it apart
  • Szcz is two sounds, not four letters' worth. Once the digraphs click, the spelling is almost perfectly regular.
  • Seven cases, including a vocative that is alive and used.
  • In the plural, nouns split into human masculine and everything else, and the verb agrees accordingly.
  • It kept nasal vowels, Ä… and Ä™, which the other Slavic languages lost.
  • Stress is on the second-to-last syllable, nearly always, which makes it far more predictable than Russian.
What it opens

Seven cases, nasal vowels, and consonant clusters that look typeset by accident: the hardest big language in Europe, which is exactly the badge. Forty million speakers await. The EU's fastest-growing big economy, pierogi diplomacy, and a diaspora everywhere: Polish speakers never lack for a warm welcome or a job lead.

Words with no translation

załatwić

za-WAT-feech

To sort something out by knowing who to ask.

To get something done the Polish way: through contacts, favours, charm and side doors, never quite through the official queue. A verb that survived communism because it was how one survived communism.

tęsknota

tensk-NO-ta

Longing that has settled in and become part of how you live.

Polish longing for people and places out of reach, heavier than missing and softer than grief. The emigrant's constant companion, and a national speciality of a country whose borders kept moving.

All the untranslatable words →

Next to its neighbours

Where Polish parts company with the languages closest to it, and what each one would cost you from here.

Polish vs Czech → Polish vs Slovak → Polish vs Russian →